http://xmodulo.com/filter-bgp-routes-quagga-bgp-router.html
In the previous tutorial, we demonstrated how to turn a CentOS box into a BGP router using Quagga. We also covered basic BGP peering and prefix exchange setup. In this tutorial, we will focus on how we can control incoming and outgoing BGP prefixes by using prefix-list and route-map.
As described in earlier tutorials, BGP routing decisions are made based on the prefixes received/advertised. To ensure error-free routing, it is recommended that you use some sort of filtering mechanism to control these incoming and outgoing prefixes. For example, if one of your BGP neighbors starts advertising prefixes which do not belong to them, and you accept such bogus prefixes by mistake, your traffic can be sent to that wrong neighbor, and end up going nowhere (so-called "getting blackholed"). To make sure that such prefixes are not received or advertised to any neighbor, you can use prefix-list and route-map. The former is a prefix-based filtering mechanism, while the latter is a more general prefix-based policy mechanism used to fine-tune actions.
We will show you how to use prefix-list and route-map in Quagga.
Service provider A has already established an eBGP peering with service provider B, and they are exchanging routing information between them. The AS and prefix details are as stated below.
The above output indicates that the BGP peering is up. Router-A is advertising multiple prefixes towards router-B. Router-B, on the other hand, is advertising a single prefix 10.20.0.0/16 to router-A. Both routers are receiving the prefixes without any problems.
Another great feature of prefix-list is that we can specify a range of subnet mask(s). Take a look at the following example:
A single prefix-list statement can have multiple permit/deny actions. Each statement is assigned a sequence number which can be determined automatically or specified manually.
Multiple prefix-list statements are parsed one by one in the increasing order of sequence numbers. When configuring prefix-list, we should keep in mind that there is always an implicit deny at the end of all prefix-list statements. This means that anything that is not explicitly allowed will be denied.
To allow everything, we can use the following prefix-list statement which allows any prefix starting from 0.0.0.0/0 up to anything with subnet mask /32.
Similar to prefix-list, a route-map statement specifies permit or deny action, followed by a sequence number. Each route-map statement can have multiple permit/deny actions with it. For example:
Next, we can modify the attributes by using the set command. The following example shows possible use cases of set.
If you recall, our requirement is to only allow/deny some prefixes. So in our scenario, the set command is not necessary. We will just use one permit statement as follows.
We will apply the created route-map to the BGP configuration of router-B for neighbor 192.168.1.1 with incoming prefix advertisement.
For advertised routes:
You can see that while router-A is advertising four prefixes towards router-B, router-B is accepting only three prefixes. If we check the range, we can see that only the prefixes that are allowed by route-map are visible on router-B. All other prefixes are discarded.
Tip: If there is no change in the received prefixes, try resetting the BGP session using the command: "clear ip bgp neighbor-IP". In our case:
I am summarizing the configuration in one place so you can see it all at a glance.
Hope this helps.
In the previous tutorial, we demonstrated how to turn a CentOS box into a BGP router using Quagga. We also covered basic BGP peering and prefix exchange setup. In this tutorial, we will focus on how we can control incoming and outgoing BGP prefixes by using prefix-list and route-map.
As described in earlier tutorials, BGP routing decisions are made based on the prefixes received/advertised. To ensure error-free routing, it is recommended that you use some sort of filtering mechanism to control these incoming and outgoing prefixes. For example, if one of your BGP neighbors starts advertising prefixes which do not belong to them, and you accept such bogus prefixes by mistake, your traffic can be sent to that wrong neighbor, and end up going nowhere (so-called "getting blackholed"). To make sure that such prefixes are not received or advertised to any neighbor, you can use prefix-list and route-map. The former is a prefix-based filtering mechanism, while the latter is a more general prefix-based policy mechanism used to fine-tune actions.
We will show you how to use prefix-list and route-map in Quagga.
Topology and Requirement
In this tutorial, we assume the following topology.Service provider A has already established an eBGP peering with service provider B, and they are exchanging routing information between them. The AS and prefix details are as stated below.
- Peering block: 192.168.1.0/24
- Service provider A: AS 100, prefix 10.10.0.0/16
- Service provider B: AS 200, prefix 10.20.0.0/16
Quagga Installation and BGP Peering
In the previous tutorial, we have already covered the method of installing Quagga and setting up BGP peering. So we will not go through the details here. Nonetheless, I am providing a summary of BGP configuration and prefix advertisements:The above output indicates that the BGP peering is up. Router-A is advertising multiple prefixes towards router-B. Router-B, on the other hand, is advertising a single prefix 10.20.0.0/16 to router-A. Both routers are receiving the prefixes without any problems.
Creating Prefix-List
In a router, a prefix can be blocked with either an ACL or prefix-list. Using prefix-list is often preferred to ACLs since prefix-list is less processor intensive than ACLs. Also, prefix-list is easier to create and maintain.
ip prefix-list DEMO-PRFX permit 192.168.0.0/23
The above command creates prefix-list called 'DEMO-FRFX' that allows only 192.168.0.0/23.Another great feature of prefix-list is that we can specify a range of subnet mask(s). Take a look at the following example:
ip prefix-list DEMO-PRFX permit 192.168.0.0/23 le 24
The above command creates prefix-list called
'DEMO-PRFX' that permits prefixes between 192.168.0.0/23 and /24, which
are 192.168.0.0/23, 192.168.0.0/24 and 192.168.1.0/24. The 'le' operator
means less than or equal to. You can also use 'ge' operator for greater
than or equal to.A single prefix-list statement can have multiple permit/deny actions. Each statement is assigned a sequence number which can be determined automatically or specified manually.
Multiple prefix-list statements are parsed one by one in the increasing order of sequence numbers. When configuring prefix-list, we should keep in mind that there is always an implicit deny at the end of all prefix-list statements. This means that anything that is not explicitly allowed will be denied.
To allow everything, we can use the following prefix-list statement which allows any prefix starting from 0.0.0.0/0 up to anything with subnet mask /32.
ip prefix-list DEMO-PRFX permit 0.0.0.0/0 le 32
Now that we know how to create prefix-list statements, we will create prefix-list called 'PRFX-LST' that will allow prefixes required in our scenario.
router-b# conf t
router-b(config)# ip prefix-list PRFX-LST permit 10.10.10.0/23 le 24
router-b(config)# ip prefix-list PRFX-LST permit 10.10.10.0/23 le 24
Creating Route-Map
Besides prefix-list and ACLs, there is yet another mechanism called route-map, which can control prefixes in a BGP router. In fact, route-map can fine-tune possible actions more flexibly on the prefixes matched with an ACL or prefix-list.Similar to prefix-list, a route-map statement specifies permit or deny action, followed by a sequence number. Each route-map statement can have multiple permit/deny actions with it. For example:
route-map DEMO-RMAP permit 10
The above statement creates route-map called 'DEMO-RMAP', and adds permit action with sequence 10. Now we will use match command under sequence 10.
router-a(config-route-map)# match (press ? in the keyboard)
as-path Match BGP AS path list community Match BGP community list extcommunity Match BGP/VPN extended community list interface match first hop interface of route ip IP information ipv6 IPv6 information metric Match metric of route origin BGP origin code peer Match peer address probability Match portion of routes defined by percentage value tag Match tag of routeAs we can see, route-map can match many attributes. We will match a prefix in this tutorial.
route-map DEMO-RMAP permit 10
match ip address prefix-list DEMO-PRFX
The match command will match the IP addresses permitted by the prefix-list 'DEMO-PRFX' created earlier (i.e., prefixes 192.168.0.0/23, 192.168.0.0/24 and 192.168.1.0/24).match ip address prefix-list DEMO-PRFX
Next, we can modify the attributes by using the set command. The following example shows possible use cases of set.
route-map DEMO-RMAP permit 10
match ip address prefix-list DEMO-PRFX
set (press ? in keyboard)
match ip address prefix-list DEMO-PRFX
set (press ? in keyboard)
aggregator BGP aggregator attribute as-path Transform BGP AS-path attribute atomic-aggregate BGP atomic aggregate attribute comm-list set BGP community list (for deletion) community BGP community attribute extcommunity BGP extended community attribute forwarding-address Forwarding Address ip IP information ipv6 IPv6 information local-preference BGP local preference path attribute metric Metric value for destination routing protocol metric-type Type of metric origin BGP origin code originator-id BGP originator ID attribute src src address for route tag Tag value for routing protocol vpnv4 VPNv4 information weight BGP weight for routing tableAs we can see, the set command can be used to change many attributes. For a demonstration purpose, we will set BGP local preference.
route-map DEMO-RMAP permit 10
match ip address prefix-list DEMO-PRFX
set local-preference 500
Just like prefix-list, there is an implicit deny at the end of all route-map statements. So we will add another permit statement in sequence number 20 to permit everything.match ip address prefix-list DEMO-PRFX
set local-preference 500
route-map DEMO-RMAP permit 10
match ip address prefix-list DEMO-PRFX
set local-preference 500
!
route-map DEMO-RMAP permit 20
The sequence number 20 does not have a specific match command, so it will, by default, match everything. Since the decision is permit, everything will be permitted by this route-map statement.match ip address prefix-list DEMO-PRFX
set local-preference 500
!
route-map DEMO-RMAP permit 20
If you recall, our requirement is to only allow/deny some prefixes. So in our scenario, the set command is not necessary. We will just use one permit statement as follows.
router-b# conf t
router-b(config)# route-map RMAP permit 10
router-b(config-route-map)# match ip address prefix-list PRFX-LST
This route-map statement should do the trick.router-b(config)# route-map RMAP permit 10
router-b(config-route-map)# match ip address prefix-list PRFX-LST
Applying Route-Map
Keep in mind that ACLs, prefix-list and route-map are not effective unless they are applied to an interface or a BGP neighbor. Just like ACLs or prefix-list, a single route-map statement can be used with any number of interfaces or neighbors. However, any one interface or a neighbor can support only one route-map statement for inbound, and one for outbound traffic.We will apply the created route-map to the BGP configuration of router-B for neighbor 192.168.1.1 with incoming prefix advertisement.
router-b# conf terminal
router-b(config)# router bgp 200
router-b(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 route-map RMAP in
Now, we check the routes advertised and received by using the following commands.router-b(config)# router bgp 200
router-b(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 route-map RMAP in
For advertised routes:
show ip bgp neighbor-IP advertised-routes
For received routes:
show ip bgp neighbor-IP routes
You can see that while router-A is advertising four prefixes towards router-B, router-B is accepting only three prefixes. If we check the range, we can see that only the prefixes that are allowed by route-map are visible on router-B. All other prefixes are discarded.
Tip: If there is no change in the received prefixes, try resetting the BGP session using the command: "clear ip bgp neighbor-IP". In our case:
clear ip bgp 192.168.1.1
As we can see, the requirement has been met. We can create similar prefix-list and route-map statements in routers A and B to further control inbound and outbound prefixes.I am summarizing the configuration in one place so you can see it all at a glance.
router bgp 200
network 10.20.0.0/16
neighbor 192.168.1.1 remote-as 100
neighbor 192.168.1.1 route-map RMAP in
!
ip prefix-list PRFX-LST seq 5 permit 10.10.10.0/23 le 24
!
route-map RMAP permit 10
match ip address prefix-list PRFX-LST
network 10.20.0.0/16
neighbor 192.168.1.1 remote-as 100
neighbor 192.168.1.1 route-map RMAP in
!
ip prefix-list PRFX-LST seq 5 permit 10.10.10.0/23 le 24
!
route-map RMAP permit 10
match ip address prefix-list PRFX-LST
Summary
In this tutorial, we showed how we can filter BGP routes in Quagga by defining prefix-list and route-map. We also demonstrated how we can combine prefix-list with route-map to fine-control incoming prefixes. You can create your own prefix-list and route-map in a similar way to match your network requirements. These tools are one of the most effective ways to protect the production network from route poisoning and advertisement of bogon routes.Hope this helps.
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